 Infectious Eye Diseases: Zoster
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| Our lab works on molecular aspects of VZV and HSV-1, two viruses that can cause blinding disease. Most of the lab works on VZV, the cause of chickenpox and shingles. Shingles (or Zoster), leads to some 200,000 ocular problems annually, mostly in the elderly. Our research aims to identify functions of key viral encoded proteins during infection, particularly viral protein kinases and regulatory proteins. Paul (Kip) Kinchington, The PI, has worked on VZVh molecular biology for 20 years. |
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| Contact Information | Paul Kinchington
Ph.D.
412-647-6319
kinchingtonp@msx.upmc.edu
EEINS-1016, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh PA 15213 |
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Microbiology Lab
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The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory is unique because of its two separate yet integrated components. The laboratory consists of a fully certified clinical diagnostic ophthalmic microbiology laboratory and a research laboratory that focuses on infectious diseases (adenovirus, HSV-1, bacteria) of the anterior segment of the eye and their treatment.
The clinical laboratory has developed its own website to serve as a resource to all interested in ocular microbiology (http://visualeyes.upmc.edu/eyemicrobiologylab/index.html). The website also serves as the homepage for the Ocular Immunology and Microbiology Group (OMIG).
Y. Jerold Gordon, MD is the Director of the Campbell Laboratory. Dr. Gordon is a Professor of Ophthalmology and has 30 years experience as a Cornea and External disease subspecialist. He has directed a diverse basic and clinical research program during his tenure. He has obtained and maintained continuous financial support for the laboratory from the National Eye Institute (grants to study adenovirus and HSV-1 ocular disease) and pharmaceutical companies over the past 20 years.
Francis S. Mah, MD is Co-Medical Director of the Campbell Laboratory. Dr. Mah is an Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, a Cornea and External Disease subspecialist, and a practicing refractive surgeon.
Regis P. Kowalski, MS [M]ASCP is the Associate Clinical Director of the Campbell Laboratory, chief ocular microbiologist and an Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology. Mr. Kowalski has 25 years of experience as a clinical ocular microbiologist.
Eric G. Romanowski, MS is the Associate Research Director of the Campbell Laboratory and a Research Associate in the Department of Ophthalmology. Mr. Romanowski has 18 years of laboratory and animal experience dealing with infectious diseases of the eye.
Lisa Karenchak, BS [M]ASCP is the ocular microbiologist in the clinical laboratory and the webmaster for the Campbell Laboratory website. Ms. Karenchak has 13 years of experience as a clinical ocular microbiologist.
Kathleen A. Yates, BS is a Research Specialist in the Campbell Laboratory. Ms. Yates has 5 years of laboratory and animal experience dealing with infectious diseases of the eye.
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| Contact Information | Y. Jerold Gordon
Ph.D.
412-647-2212
gordonjs@msx.upmc.edu
EEINS-1020, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh PA 15213 |
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Microbiology Lab Website
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Ocular Imaging Laboratory
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Glaucoma Imaging Group (GIG)
Joel S. Schuman, MD - Chairman, Principal Investigator
Gadi Wollstein, MD - Director, Ophthalmic Imaging Research Laboratories
- Chairman, Principal Investigator
Hiroshi Ishikawa, MD - Director, Ocular Imaging Center
Robert J. Noecker, MD
Rick A. Bilonick, PhD
Larry Kagemann, MS BME
Michelle Gabriele, BS
Kelly Townsend
Eve Kellar
Robin R. Wright
R. Carla Aubourg
Fellows/Graduate Students:
Kyung Rim Sung, MD
Tarkan Mumcuoglu, MD
Jongsick Kim, MS
Research Objective
The Glaucoma Imaging Group (GIG) has amassed the best of cutting edge technologies and research professionals to examine the structure-function relationship as applied to glaucoma and other diseases of the eye. The GIG team proactively develops new ideas and capabilities for glaucoma detection and longitudinal assessment; expanding the utility of cutting edge laser and sound devices, and introducing new diagnostic capabilities into the field. By combining a team of physicians, engineers, software development experts, and medical imaging specialists, the GIG team has won support of the national institute of health (NIH), ophthalmic research foundations and ophthalmic imaging industry. The group established long term collaborations with numerous clinical and research groups specializing in optical engineering, advanced data analysis and others.
Founded by Professor Joel S. Schuman, Director of the Eye and Ear Center, Eye and Ear Foundation Professor, Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology , and a Professor of Bioengineering, the GIG team consists of Dr. Gadi Wollstein, an ophthalmologist and clinical research scientist specializing in clinical application of ocular imaging; Dr. Hiroshi Ishikawa, an ophthalmologist and clinical research scientist specializing in the development of medical imaging algorithms and software; Dr. Robert J. Noecker, an ophthalmologist and clinical research scientist specializing in clinical application of glaucoma imaging and ocular pharmacology; Larry Kagemann, a biomedical engineer and clinical research scientist specializing in medical and retinal anatomical and functional imaging; Michelle L. Gabrielle, a biomedical engineer and clinical research scientist specializing in medical imaging and the neuroelectrical assessment of visual function; and Bill Dilworth, an ophthalmic imaging technician specializing in all of the latest imaging technologies and Windows software. The group constantly trains ophthalmologist fellows, post-doctoral scientists, resident in ophthalmology and medical and bioengineering students in glaucoma imaging research.
Research Opportunities
Contact Dr. G. Wollstein, 412-647 0325, wollsteing@upmc.edu
Recent Publications
1. Williams ZY, Schuman JS, Gamell L, Nemi A, Hertzmark E, Fujimoto JG, Mattox C, Simpson J, Wollstein G. Optical coherence tomography measurement of nerve fiber layer thickness and the likelihood of a visual field defect. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134: 538-46.
2. Guedes V, Schuman JS, Hertzmark E, Wollstein G, Correnti A, Mancini R, Lederer D, Voskanian S, Velazquez L, Pakter HM, Pedut-Kloizman T, Fujimoto JG, Mattox C. Optical coherence tomography measurement of macular and nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 177-89.
3. Lederer D, Schuman JS, Hertzmark E, Heltzer J, Velazquez L, Fujimoto JG, Mattox, C: An Analysis of Macular Volume In Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes Using Optical Coherence Tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 135: 838-43.
4. Schuman JS, Wollstein G, Farra T, Hertzmark E, Aydin A, Fujimoto JG, Paunescu LA. Comparison of optic nerve head measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 135: 504-12.
5. Correnti AJ, Wollstein G, Price LL, Schuman JS. Comparison of optic nerve head assessment with a digital stereoscopic optic disc camera (Discam), scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and stereography. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1499-1505.
6. Aydin A, Wollstein G, Price LL, Schuman JS. Optical coherence tomography assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes after glaucoma surgery. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1506-11.
7. Aydin A, Wollstein G, Price LL, Schuman JS. Comparison of pulsatile ocular blood flow analysis, optical coherence tomography and visual field testing in glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 136: 448-53.
8. Lai E, Wollstein G, Price LL, Schuman JS. Optical coherence tomography disc assessment in optic nerves with peripapillary atrophy. Ophthal Surg Lasers & Imaging 2003; 34: 498-504.
9. Stein DM, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. Imaging in glaucoma. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2004; 17: 33-52.
10. Paunescu LA, Schuman JS, Price LL, Stark PC, Beaton S, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G, Fujimoto JG. Reproducibility of nerve fiber layer, macular thickness and optic nerve head measurements using Stratus OCT optical coherence tomography. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 2004; 45: 1716-24.
11. Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Price LL, Aydin A, Paunescu LA, Beaton S, Stark PC, Fujimoto JG, Ishikawa H. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and automated visual fields. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138: 218-25.
12. Lin P, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. Contact transscleral Neodymium:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation: long-term outcome. Ophthalmol 2004; 111: 2137-43.
13. Wollstein G, Ishikawa H, Wang J, Beaton SA, Paunescu LA, Schuman JS. Comparison of three OCT scanning areas for detection of glaucomatous damage. Am J of Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 39-43.
14. Schuman S, Hertzmark E, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS: Wavelength Independence and Interdevice Variability of Optical Coherence Tomography. Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging, 2004; 35:316-320.
15. Ferguson RD, Hammer DX, Paunescu LA, Beaton S, Schuman JS: Tracking Optical Coherence Tomography. Optics Letters, 2004; 29 (18): 2139-2141.
16. Wollstein G, Paunescu LA, Ko TH, Fujimoto JG, Kowalevicz A, Hartl I, Beaton SA, Ishikawa H, Mattox C, Singh O, Duker J, Drexler W, Schuman JS. Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography in glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 229-37.
17. Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Price LL, Aydin A, Stark PC, Hertzmark E, Lai E, Ishikawa H, Mattox C, Fujimoto JG, Paunescu LA. Optical coherence tomography longitudinal evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 464-70.
18. Ishikawa H, Daniel M Stein, Wollstein G, Beaton SA, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS. Macular segmentation with optical coherence tomography. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2012-7.
19. Hammer DX, Ferguson RD, Magill JC, Paunescu LA, Beaton S, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. Active retinal tracker for clinical optical coherence tomography systems. J Biomed Opt. 2005; 10: 24038.
20. Ko TH, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS, Paunescu LA, Kowalevicz AM, Hartl I, Drexler W, Wollstein G, Duker JS, Ishikawa H. Comparison of ultrahigh and standard resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging of macular pathology. Ophthalmology (In press). |
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Glaucoma Imaging Group
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The UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Eye and Ear Institute Glaucoma Imaging Group (GIG) is part of the Ophthalmology and Vision Science Research Center and is integral to the Ophthalmic Imaging Research Laboratories. The GIG laboratory has brought together cutting edge technologies and research professionals to examine the structure-function relationships in glaucoma and other diseases of the eye. The GIG team develops new ideas and capabilities for glaucoma detection and longitudinal assessment; expanding the utility of cutting edge laser and ultrasound devices, and introducing new diagnostic capabilities into the field. By combining a team of physicians, engineers, software development experts, and medical imaging specialists, investigators of the GIG team have been continuously supported by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for the past ten years, in addition to receiving support from philanthropic foundations such as the Eye and Ear Foundation and from ophthalmic imaging industry.
The group has established long term collaborations with numerous clinical and research scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and Carnegie Mellon University as well as University of Pittsburgh. These collaborations involve laboratories specializing in optical engineering, advanced data analysis and ophthalmic imaging.
Founded by Professor Joel S. Schuman, MD, Eye and Ear Foundation Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Director of UPMC Eye Center at the Eye and Ear Institute and Professor of Bioengineering at University of Pittsburgh, the GIG team consists includes of Gadi Wollstein, MD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, ophthalmologist and research scientist specializing in the clinical aspects of ocular imaging; Hiroshi Ishikawa, MD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, ophthalmologist and research scientist specializing in the development of medical imaging algorithms and software; Robert J. Noecker, MD, MBA, Vice Chairman and Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, an ophthalmologist and research scientist specializing in applications of glaucoma imaging, laser tissue interactions and ocular pharmacology; Larry Kagemann, a biomedical engineer and research scientist specializing in medical and retinal anatomical and functional imaging; Michelle L. Gabrielle, a biomedical engineer and research scientist specializing in medical imaging and objective electrophysiological assessment of visual function; Bill Dilworth, an ophthalmic imaging technician specializing in current clinical and research imaging technologies as well as Windows software; Gail Engleka and Greg Owens , research coordinators with direct patient contact responsibilities; and Carla Aubourg, the UPMC Eye Center’s IRB Liaison.
The GIG trains post-doctoral clinical and basic science research fellows, post-doctoral scientists, residents in ophthalmology and medical and bioengineering students in imaging research.
The vision of the Glaucoma Imaging Group is to be the world leader in the development of new technologies with high diagnostic utility and minimal risk to the patient. The GIG’s mission is technology development and assessment, pushing the envelope of knowledge, educating the current and future generations and bringing technology to the ophthalmic community to improve patient care. |
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| Contact Information | Gadi Wollstein
MD
(412) 647-2205
wollsteing@upmc.edu
EEINS-827, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh PA 15213 |
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Ocular Surface Development Laboratory
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Principal Investigator: Shivalingappa Swamynathan , PhD
Regulation of Gene Expression During Ocular Surface Development
Role of Kruppel-like zinc-finger transcription factors in the mouse ocular surface
In the mouse, following eye opening around 2 weeks after birth, cells in the 1-2 cell layered epithelium proliferate and differentiate to form a 4-5 cell layered stratified squamous epithelium by 20 days after birth. The mature corneal epithelium containing 5-8 cell layers is present by 6 to 8 weeks after birth. Kruppel-like transcription factors KLF4 and KLF5 are among the most abundant transcription factors in the post-natal day 9 and 6 week old mouse cornea. Considering that Klf4 null mice die before mature cornea is formed, we have resorted to conditional deletion of Klf4 gene in the surface ectoderm- derived tissues of the eye (lens, cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids) by mating KLF4-loxP mice with Le-Cre mice.
Klf4 conditional null (Klf4CN) mice display normal viability and fertility, a rough, speckled ocular surface devoid of conjunctival goblet cells, hyperplastic iris and a spongy, vacuolated lens. Unlike the wild type, Klf4CN cornea possesses 3-4 epithelial cell layers, swollen, vacuolated basal epithelial cells and edematous stroma. Epithelial fragility and excessive cell sloughing result in fewer cell layers in spite of increased cell proliferation at the Klf4CN ocular surface. Expression of aquaporin-5 and keratin-12 is downregulated, consistent with the Klf4CN stromal edema and epithelial fragility. Our results provide new insights into the role of KLF4 in post-natal maturation of the ocular surface and suggest that the Klf4CN mouse is a useful model system for investigating ocular surface pathologies such as dry eye, Meesmann’s dystrophy and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. By microarray comparison of gene expression, we have identified several other KLF4 target genes, revealing the molecular basis for diverse functions of KLF4 in the development and maintenance of cornea. We plan to use the Klf4CN mice to identify the genes whose expression is required in the conjunctival epithelium, for proper development of mucin secreting goblet cells.
A similar strategy as above will be utilized to generate Klf5 conditional null mice. Currently, we are in the process of generating Klf5-loxP mice. Once they are available, Klf5-LoxP mice will be mated with Le-Cre mice to generate Klf5 conditional null mice, which will be characterized in a similar manner as described above. Once Klf5-loxP mice become available, we plan to generate Klf4 and Klf5 double conditional null mice, to identify any overlapping or antagonistic effects of these factors. These experiments will allow us to identify the target genes of KLF4 and KLF5, and define their role in regulation of maturation and maintenance of the mouse ocular surface.
Regulation of mouse B-crystallin and HspB2 genes
More than 10% of the human genes are arranged as bidirectional pairs with their transcription start sites separated by less than 1000bp. In the mouse, B-crystallin and Mkbp/HspB2 genes are closely linked in a divergent manner, with their transcription start sites separated by 863bp. While B-crystallin is expressed abundantly in the lens and the heart, and moderately in many other tissues, the related HspB2 is only expressed at low levels in the heart and the skeletal muscle but not in the lens. We have demonstrated that the muscle preferred enhancer located between these two genes selectively influences the B-crystallin promoter in an orientation-dependent manner. In order to understand the independent profile of expression of closely linked B-crystallin and HspB2 genes, we have studied the proteins interacting with the cis-elements in the B-crystallin and HspB2 intergenic region and found that the transcription factors Sp1 and glucocorticoid receptor contribute to these two promoter activities. Furthermore, our results indicate that the linked, differentially expressed HspB2 and αB-crystallin genes have evolved shared and promoter-preferred cis-control elements within the intergenic sequence in a context dependent nature.
Research Opportunities
We are interested in grooming scientists with a serious commitment to basic research in ocular surface development. Graduate student or Postdoctoral research fellow positions are available to study the molecular mechanisms of regulation of gene expression during ocular surface development. If interested, please contact the PI by email (Swamynathansk@upmc.edu) with your CV and a short summary of your research experience and goals.
Relevant Recent Peer-reviewed Publications
1. Swamynathan, S.K. and Piatigorsky, J. (2007) Regulation of the mouse B-Crystallin and MKBP/HspB2 Promoter activities by shared and gene specific intergenic elements: The importance of context dependency. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 51: 689-700.
2. Swamynathan, S.K., Katz, J.P., Kaestner, K.H., Ashery-Padan, R., Crawford, M.A. and Piatigorsky, J. (2007) Conditional deletion of the mouse Klf4 gene results in corneal epithelial fragility, stromal edema, and loss of conjunctival goblet cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 182-194.
3. Kanungo, J., Swamynathan, S.K., and Piatigorsky, J. (2004) Abundant Corneal Gelsolin in Zebrafish and the ‘Four-Eyed’ Fish, Anableps anableps: Possible Analogy with Multifunctional Lens Crystallins. Experimental Eye Res. 79: 949-956.
4. Swamynathan, S.K., Crawford, M.A., Robison Jr, W.G., Kanungo, J and Piatigorsky, J. (2003). Adaptive differences in the structure and macromolecular compositions of the air and water corneas of the four-eyed fish (Anableps anableps). FASEB Journal 17: 1996-2005.
5. Kanungo, J., Kozmik, Z, Swamynathan, S.K., and Piatigorsky, J. (2003) Gelsolin is a dorsalizing factor in zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100: 3287-3292.
6. Swamynathan, S.K. and Piatigorsky, J. (2002) Orientation-dependent influence of an intergenic enhancer on the regulation of transcription of the divergently transcribed mouse shsp/B-crystallin and MKBP/HSPB2 genes. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 49700-49706.
Book Chapters
1. Swamynathan, S.K. and Piatigorsky, J. (2007). Gene expression in cornea and lens. In Eye, Retina, and Visual System of the Mouse. Ed: Chalupa, L.M. and Williams, R. W. MIT Press. (in press).
Grants
1. Career Development Award (1 K22 EY016875) from the NEI, NIH (Oct 1, 2005-2009)
Title: “Role of KLF4 and KLF5 in mouse cornea development”
Specific Aims:
1. To study the effect of conditional disruption of Klf4 and Klf5 genes in the mouse eye on the development and maintenance of mature cornea.
2. To identify the target genes for KLF4 and KLF5 in the developing cornea.
3. To study the involvement of KLF4 and KLF5 in regulation of expression of selected genes in the cornea. |
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Viral Immunology Program
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Principal Investigator: Robert L. Hendricks, PhD
Research Objectives: The laboratory studies the immune response to virus infections of the eye, with a major emphasis on herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. Major current topics of investigation within the laboraotry include: 1)the mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunopathology in HSV-1 infected corneas; 2)the influence of latent virus on the generation and maintenance of T cell memory; 3)immunologic mechanisms that control HSV-1 latency; and 4)the influence of HSV-1 keratitis on corneal graft rejection.
Laboratory Personnel:
James Busch (technician)
Thomas Cherpes, MD
Gregory Frank (graduate student)
Susanne Himmelein (graduate student)
Jared E. Knickelbein, PhD (graduate student)
Dawn Maker (technician)
Brian Sheridan (graduate student)
Jessica Spehar (technician)
Key Publications:
1. Decman, V., P. R. Kinchington, S. A. Harvey, and R. L. Hendricks. 2005. Gamma interferon can block herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation from latency, even in the presence of late gene expression. J.Virol. 79:10339-10347.
2. Freeman, M. L., B. S. Sheridan, R. H. Bonneau, and R. L. Hendricks. 2007. Psychological stress compromises CD8(+) T cell control of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 infections. J.Immunol. 179:322-328.
3. Khanna, K. M., R. H. Bonneau, P. R. Kinchington, and R. L. Hendricks. 2003. Herpes simplex virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells are selectively activated and retained in latently infected sensory ganglia. Immunity 18:593-603.
4. Liu, T., K. M. Khanna, X. Chen, D. J. Fink, and R. L. Hendricks. 2000. CD8(+) T cells can block herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation from latency in sensory neurons. J.Exp.Med. 191:1459-1466.
5. Sheridan, B. S., K. M. Khanna, G. M. Frank, and R. L. Hendricks. 2006. Latent virus influences the generation and maintenance of CD8+ T cell memory. J.Immunol. 177:8356-8364.
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Retinal Development
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Principal Investigator: Xiangyun Wei, PhD
Have you ever wondered why you look differently from others? The answer is your cells are organized differently. But how? Multicellular organisms arrange cells in special patterns to form distinct structures through a set of developmental instructions that we do not fully understand. In my laboratory, we use the zebrafish retina as a model system to study the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular pattern formation in the central nervous system.
The vertebrate retina develops from a single sheet of neuroepithelial cells, which later differentiate and reorganize into layered structures during retinal neurogenesis. Each retinal layer is composed of specific neuronal classes and executes distinct functions. Although the cellular architecture and function in the retina are relatively well characterized, the molecular mechanisms that control retinal pattern formation remain elusive.
To understand how retinal cells organize, my lab uses a variety of experimental approaches that involve Genetics, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Developmental Biology. Our research is currently focused on the following areas: study how retinal epithelial polarity contributes to the formation of the layered cellular structure of the mature retina; investigate how cell-cell adhesion molecules play a role in retinal pattern formation; identify novel mutations that affect retinal development through mutagenesis screens
Research Opportunities:
Postdoctoral positions are available to study the molecular mechanisms of cellular pattern formation in the zebrafish retina
Recent Publications:
A. Catalano, P. Raymond, D. Goldman, and X. Wei. (2007) Zebrafish dou yan Mutation Causes Patterning Defects and Extensive Cell Death in the Retina. Dev Dyn. 236(5):1295-306.
J. Zou, F. Beermann, J. Wang, K. Kawakami, and Xiangyun Wei. (2006) The Fugu rubripes tyrp1 promoter directs specific GFP expresssion in zebrafish: tools to study the RPE and neural crest-derived melanophores. Pigment Cell Res. 19(6):615-27.
X. Wei, Jian Zou, Masaki Takechi, Shoji Kawamura, and Lihua Li. (2006) Nok plays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the outer nuclear layer in the zebrafish retina. Experimental Eye Research. 83(1):31-44.
X. Wei, Y. Luo, D. Hyde (2006) Molecular cloning of three zebrafish lin7 genes and their expression patterns in the zebrafish retina. Experimental Eye Research. 82 (1):122-31.
X. Wei, C. Yan, Y. Luo, X. Shi, S. Nelson, and D. Hyde. (2004). The zebrafish Par-3 homolog is required for separation of the eye fields and retinal lamination, but not neuronal specification. Developmental Biology. 269:286-301.
X. Wei and J. Malicki. (2002). nagie oko, encoding a MAGUK-family protein, is essential for cellular patterning of the retina. Nature Genetics. 31, 150-157.
X. Wei, S. Somanathan, J. Samarabandu and R. Berezney. (1999). Three-dimensional visualization of transcription sites and their association with splicing factor-rich nuclear speckles. Journal of Cell Biology 146: 543-558.
X. Wei, J. Samarabandu, R.S. Devdhar, A. Siegel. R. Acharya, R. Berezney. (1998) Segregation of transcription and replication sites into higher order domains. Science. 281: 1502-1505.
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